[629] The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960,[630] and reached the finals of Euro 1988. In China, Russian has no official status, but it is spoken by the small Russian communities in the northeastern Heilongjiang and the northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. [426], Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. [226] Most of northwest Russia and Siberia have a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters in the inner regions of northeast Siberia (mostly Sakha, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of 71.2C or 96.2F),[219] and more moderate winters elsewhere. [100] In 1916, the Brusilov Offensive of the Imperial Russian Army almost completely destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Army. [121] The Soviet Union, ultimately, made the costly transformation from a largely agrarian economy to a major industrial powerhouse within a short span of time. [19], A Medieval Latin version of the name Rus' was Ruthenia, which was used as one of several designations for East Slavic and Eastern Orthodox regions, and commonly as a designation for the lands of Rus'. [149] The general easement of repressive policies became known later as the Khrushchev Thaw. [h][218] Its major islands and archipelagos include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands, and Sakhalin. [224] The Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Amur are among the world's longest rivers. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [51] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [378] More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is devoted to industrial crops, vegetables, and fruits. [519] Maslenitsa is an ancient and popular East Slavic folk holiday. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. [166] Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight. Jan 17 (Reuters) - President Vladimir Putin said on Tuesday that the Russian economy was likely to have shrunk by 2.5% in 2022, but that it was performing better than most experts had predicted. [624][625] In 196168 Sergey Bondarchuk directed an Oscar-winning film adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's epic War and Peace, which was the most expensive film made in the Soviet Union. [138] The Soviet Union, along with the United States, the United Kingdom and China were considered the Big Four of Allied powers in World War II, and later became the Four Policemen, which was the foundation of the United Nations Security Council. [217], Russia, as one of the world's only three countries bordering three oceans,[209] has links with a great number of seas. [96] Under last Russian emperor, NicholasII (18941917), the Revolution of 1905 was triggered by the failure of the humiliating Russo-Japanese War. [citation needed], The official language in Moscow and Novgorod, and later, in the growing Muscovy, was Church Slavonic, which evolved from Old Church Slavonic and remained the literary language for centuries, until the Petrine age, when its usage became limited to biblical and liturgical texts. The results showed that 47.3% of Russians declared themselves Christians including 41% Russian Orthodox, 1.5% simply Orthodox or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 4.1% unaffiliated Christians, and less than 1% Old Believers, Catholics or Protestants 25% were believers without affiliation to any specific religion, 13% were atheists, 6.5% were Muslims,[b] 1.2% were followers of "traditional religions honouring gods and ancestors" (Rodnovery, other Paganisms, Siberian shamanism and Tengrism), 0.5% were Buddhists, 0.1% were religious Jews and 0.1% were Hindus. This page was last edited on 16 January 2023, at 19:55. [643] Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. [citation needed]. [citation needed], Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100. ", "PACE calls for an ad hoc international criminal tribunal to hold to account perpetrators of the crime of aggression against Ukraine", "Pluto: ten things we now know about the dwarf planet", The Arctic Institute Center for Circumpolar Security Studies, "Island hopping in Russia: Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and Kamchatka Peninsula", "Lake BaikalA Touchstone for Global Change and Rift Studies", "Russia's Largest Rivers From the Amur to the Volga", "Present and future Kppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution", "Putin urges authorities to take action as wildfires engulf Siberia", "Why Russia's thawing permafrost is a global problem", "Will Russia's Forests Be an Asset or an Obstacle in Climate Fight? [369] Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest. [403] Vladimir Zworykin was the inventor of the iconoscope and kinescope television systems. In 1703, on the Baltic Sea, Peter founded Saint Petersburg as Russia's new capital. , ). [518], There are many popular non-public holidays. [44] This was acknowledged by the noted Russian dialectologist Nikolai Karinsky (18731935), who toward the end of his life wrote: Scholars of Russian dialects mostly studied phonetics and morphology. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. [534] Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia. [346] In the aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the country has faced revamped sanctions and corporate boycotts,[347] becoming the most sanctioned country in the world,[348] in a move described as an "all-out economic and financial war" to isolate the Russian economy from the Western financial system. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, and live in ethnic enclaves (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early 1960s). [61] During his long reign, Ivan nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates: Kazan and Astrakhan along the Volga,[65] and the Khanate of Sibir in southwestern Siberia. The next day the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. ", "Russia's Language Could Be Ticket in for Migrants", " , ", "Mailis Reps haridusest: venekeelsed koolid ei kao", "Referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Results of the referendum on the Draft Law 'Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia', "Latvia pushes majority language in schools, leaving parents miffed", "Moscow threatens sanctions against Latvia over removal of Russian from secondary schools", "Statistics Lithuania: 78.5% of Lithuanians speak at least one foreign language | News | Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "Employees fluent in three languages it's the norm in Lithuania", " Weekly. WebRussian language, Russian Russki yazyk, principal state and cultural language of Russia. [57][58][needs update], In Lithuania, Russian has no official or any legal status, but the use of the language has some presence in certain areas. [citation needed]. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. [62] Moscow's last rival, the Novgorod Republic, prospered as the chief fur trade centre and the easternmost port of the Hanseatic League. [609] The country has the world's highest vodka consumption,[610] while beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage. [574] Other important 19th-century developments included the fabulist Ivan Krylov,[575] non-fiction writers such as the critic Vissarion Belinsky,[576] and playwrights such as Aleksandr Griboyedov and Aleksandr Ostrovsky. [443][444] According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the world's third-largest, numbering over 11.6 million;[445] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians. [61] Vasili III completed the task of uniting all of Russia by annexing the last few independent Russian states in the early 16th century. [59] However, English has replaced Russian as lingua franca in Lithuania and around 80% of young people speak English as the first foreign language. "" (XI-XII )", "Geoarchaeology of the earliest paleolithic sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe", "Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave", "Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid", "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia", "New data for the Early Upper Paleolithic of Kostenki (Russia)", "Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers", "Thousands of horsemen may have swept into Bronze Age Europe, transforming the local population", "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians", "1998 NOVA documentary: "Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden", "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe", Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, "Genome-wide sequence analyses of ethnic populations across Russia", "Exploration and Settlement on the Alaskan Coast", "Who really discovered Antarctica? Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. The country is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; a member state of the G20, the SCO, BRICS, the APEC, the OSCE, and the WTO; and is the leading member state of the CIS, the CSTO, and the EAEU. [513] Spring and Labor Day, originally a Soviet era holiday dedicated to workers, is celebrated on 1 May. [47][99][100], As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or. Russian is notable for its distinction based on palatalization of most of its consonants. [153] Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. [69], In Kyrgyzstan, Russian is a co-official language per article 5 of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan. [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. [645] Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades. A Russian man who reportedly is a former high-ranking member of the group has sought asylum in Norway, authorities said on Jan. 16, 2023. While /ts, k, , x/ do have true palatalized allophones [ts, k, , x], only /k/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive. [117], Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialisation of the largely rural country, and collectivisation of its agriculture. [627], Football is the most popular sport in Russia. [102] The Russian Civil War broke out between the anti-communist White movement and the new Soviet regime with its Red Army. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011)", "National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic", "Preedintele CCM: Constituia nu confer limbii ruse un statut deosebit de cel al altor limbi minoritare", "Russian Language Enjoying a Boost in Post-Soviet States", Constitution and Fundamental Law of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, "The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages", "Falling Sonoroty Onsets, Loanwords, and Syllable contact", "Russian Loanword Adoptation in Persian; Optimal Approach", "Russian Loanwords in Persian and Tajiki Language", "Languages, Regional Conflicts and Economic Development: Russia", " ", "Statistical Summaries. [618][619] Soviet-era filmmakers, most notably Sergei Eisenstein and Andrei Tarkovsky, would go on to become among of the world's most innovative and influential directors. [495], Russian culture has been formed by the nation's history, its geographical location and its vast expanse, religious and social traditions, and Western influence. [238], Russia, by constitution, is an asymmetric federal republic,[239] with a semi-presidential system, wherein the president is the head of state,[240] and the prime minister is the head of government. [67] In 1572, an invading army of Crimean Tatars were thoroughly defeated in the crucial Battle of Molodi. Language size", " . In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. ", "Article 68. [439], Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities. [223] The Volga in western Russia, widely regarded as Russia's national river, is the longest river in Europe; and forms the Volga Delta, the largest river delta in the continent. [52], In Estonia, Russian is spoken by 29.6% of the population according to a 2011 estimate from the World Factbook,[53] and is officially considered a foreign language. In 1991, the Russian SFSR emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the independent Russian Federation. They are the A Russian missile strike on an apartment building in Dnipro in central Ukraine has left at least 40 people dead, making it one of the deadliest single attacks of the war. [51] 30% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 2% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian, although it was declared the official language only in 1990. [343] High regional disparity is also an issue. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for global ideological influence; the Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. [143] Russia is a member of the G20, the OSCE, and the APEC. [44] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. [7][8][9] It has some official roles, being permitted in official documentation and is the lingua franca of the country and the language of the elite. [2], Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,[209] has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. The standard language, based on the Moscow dialect, possesses heavy stress and moderate variation in pitch. [48], The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe c.1500years ago. [75] The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country. [404] Theodosius Dobzhansky was the central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis. [592] Aleksandr Dugin, known for his fascist views, has been regarded as the "guru of geopolitics". The reigns of Vladimir the Great (9801015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (10191054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda. [417]:3460 During the same period, Lunokhod 1 became the first space exploration rover,[418] while Salyut1 became the world's first space station. Each is nominally autonomoushome to a specific. [428] Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the State Russian, the State Hermitage, and the Tretyakov Gallery; and for theatres such as the Bolshoi and the Mariinsky. [365][366] Russia's oil and gas production has led to deep economic relationships with the European Union, China, and former Soviet and Eastern Bloc states. There is also the Russian language department, where students can scrutinize e-books without internet connection. [483], Russia spent 5.65% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019. [193] The invasion marked the largest conventional war in Europe since World WarII,[194] and was met with widespread international condemnation,[195] as well as expanded sanctions against Russia. [533] Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus', for several centuries it was influenced predominantly by Byzantine architecture. [citation needed]. [95] The reign of his son AlexanderIII (18811894) was less liberal but more peaceful. [209] Russia is second only to Brazil by total renewable water resources. During and after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, wide-ranging reforms including privatisation and market and trade liberalisation were undertaken, including radical changes along the lines of "shock therapy". They are the Primary and secondary education by Russian is almost non-existent. Also, the second palatalization of velars did not occur there, so the so-called (from the Proto-Slavic diphthong *ai) did not cause /k, , x/ to shift to /ts, dz, s/; therefore, where Standard Russian has ('chain'), the form [kep] is attested in earlier texts. [73] In 1648, Semyon Dezhnyov became the first European to navigate through the Bering Strait. [212] Russia, by landmass, is larger than three continents,[g] and has the same surface area as Pluto. Russian developed under a strong influence of Church Slavonic until the close of the 17thcentury; afterward the influence reversed, leading to corruption of liturgical texts. is pronounced [nasli], not [nsli]) this is called yakanye (). ", "Russia's Natural Resources Make Up 60% of GDP", "Russian finances strong but economic problems persist", "Economic Sanctions on Russia and Their Effects", "Over 300 Companies Have Withdrawn from Russia But Some Remain", "Russia Is Now the World's Most-Sanctioned Nation", "Western sanctions are wounding but not yet crushing Russia's economy", "I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. The hard consonants are often velarized, especially before front vowels, as in Irish and Marshallese. Constitution of the Republic of Belarus", "Article 7. [76] In the 18th century, academicians Ivan Argunov, Dmitry Levitzky, Vladimir Borovikovsky became influential. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. [citation needed], The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin ( ) in the first third of the 19thcentury. [454] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to many languages becoming endangered. Although most Russian colonists left after the United States bought the land in 1867, a handful stayed and preserved the Russian language in this region to this day, although only a few elderly speakers of this unique dialect are left. Cyberwarfare and airspace violations, along with electoral interference, have been used to increase perceptions of Russian power. [580] Mikhail Bulgakov was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era. [143], After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. [433] In 2019, the total fertility rate across Russia was estimated to be 1.5 children born per woman,[434] which is below the replacement rate of 2.1, and is one of the world's lowest fertility rates. [455][456], Russia is a secular state by constitution, and its largest religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, chiefly represented by the Russian Orthodox Church. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. [108] By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians. However, the peasants' speech was never systematically studied, as it was generally regarded by philologists as simply a source of folklore and an object of curiosity. [556], During the Soviet era, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeersVladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[548] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva. [349] Economists suggest the sanctions will have a long-term effect over the Russian economy. [586] Peter Kropotkin was the most important theorist of anarcho-communism. However, Russian was the sixth-most used language on the top 1,000 sites, behind English, Chinese, French, German, and Japanese. On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. [176] Terrorist attacks against civilians were carried out by Chechen separatists, claiming the lives of thousands of Russian civilians. 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